Classical liberalism is a political ideology that values the freedom of individuals — including the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and markets — as well as limited government. It developed in the 18th century, evolving out of the Age of Enlightenment in Europe and America. The ideology is heavily based on the works of a number of prominent philosophers, including John Locke, Adam Smith, and Voltaire, who championed the concepts of individual liberty, natural rights, and economic freedom.
John Locke, often considered the father of classical liberalism, argued that each individual has a natural right to life, liberty, and property, and that governments must not violate these rights. Adam Smith, another key figure, advocated for free markets and the 'invisible hand' theory, which suggests that individuals pursuing their own self-interest inadvertently benefit society.
Classical liberalism emerged as a response to the feudal system and the absolute rule of monarchs and religious authorities. It played a significant role in political revolutions, such as the American Revolution and the French Revolution, which sought to replace these old hierarchies with democratic institutions and a society based on merit.
In the 19th century, classical liberalism became the predominant political force in the Western world. It was the driving ideology behind the vast expansion of suffrage and civil rights during this period. However, the early 20th century saw a shift away from classical liberalism, with the rise of social liberalism and conservatism. These ideologies argued for a more significant role of the government in economic and social affairs, in response to the perceived failures of laissez-faire capitalism, such as economic inequality and lack of protections for workers.
Despite these shifts, classical liberalism continues to influence political ideologies today. It is often associated with libertarianism and neoliberalism, which advocate for minimal government intervention in the economy and uphold individual liberty as a core principle. However, these ideologies also differ from classical liberalism in significant ways, reflecting the ongoing evolution of political thought.
How similar are your political beliefs to Classical Liberalism issues? Take the political quiz to find out.
